Non-Type Parameters For Template

Besides the template arguments that are preceded by the class or typename keywords , which represent types, templates can also have regular typed parameters, similar to those found in functions. As an example, have a look at this class template that is used to contain sequences of elements:

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// sequence template #include <iostream> using namespace std; template <class T, int N> class mysequence {     T memblock [N];   public:     void setmember (int x, T value);     T getmember (int x); }; template <class T, int N> void mysequence<T,N>::setmember (int x, T value) {   memblock[x]=value; } template <class T, int N> T mysequence<T,N>::getmember (int x) {   return memblock[x]; } int main () {   mysequence <int,5> myints;   mysequence <double,5> myfloats;   myints.setmember (0,100);   myfloats.setmember (3,3.1416);   cout << myints.getmember(0) << '\n';   cout << myfloats.getmember(3) << '\n';   return 0; }

100 3.1416

It is also possible to set default values or types for class template parameters. For example, if the previous class template definition had been:

template <class T=char, int N=10> class mysequence {..};

We could create objects using the default template parameters by declaring:

mysequence<> myseq;

Which would be equivalent to:

mysequence<char,10> myseq;

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To Learn Template Specialization

Template specialization

If we want to define a different implementation for a template when a specific type is passed as template parameter, we can declare a specialization of that template.

For example, let's suppose that we have a very simple class called mycontainer that can store one element of any type and that it has just one member function called increase, which increases its value. But we find that when it stores an element of type char it would be more convenient to have a completely different implementation with a function member uppercase, so we decide to declare a class template specialization for that type:

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// template specialization #include <iostream> using namespace std; // class template: template <class T> class mycontainer {     T element;   public:     mycontainer (T arg) {element=arg;}     T increase () {return ++element;} }; // class template specialization: template <> class mycontainer <char> {     char element;   public:     mycontainer (char arg) {element=arg;}     char uppercase ()     {       if ((element>='a')&&(element<='z'))       element+='A'-'a';       return element;     } }; int main () {   mycontainer<int> myint (7);   mycontainer<char> mychar ('j');   cout << myint.increase() << endl;   cout << mychar.uppercase() << endl;   return 0; }

8 J

This is the syntax used in the class template specialization:

template <> class mycontainer <char> { ... };

First of all, notice that we precede the class template name with an empty template<> parameter list. This is to explicitly declare it as a template specialization.

But more important than this prefix, is the <char> specialization parameter after the class template name. This specialization parameter itself identifies the type for which we are going to declare a template class specialization (char). Notice the differences between the generic class template and the specialization:

1 2	template <class T> class mycontainer { ... }; template <> class mycontainer <char> { ... };

                                                                             

The first line is the generic template, and the second one is the specialization.

When we declare specializations for a template class, we must also define all its members, even those exactly equal to the generic template class, because there is no "inheritance" of members from the generic template to the specialization.

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How Many Class Templates In an Wap

Class templates

We also have the possibility to write class templates, so that a class can have members that use template parameters as types. For example:

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template <class T> class mypair {     T values [2];   public:     mypair (T first, T second)     {       values[0]=first; values[1]=second;     } };

The class that we have just defined serves to store two elements of any valid type. For example, if we wanted to declare an object of this class to store two integer values of type int with the values 115 and 36 we would write:

mypair<int> myobject (115, 36);

this same class would also be used to create an object to store any other type:

mypair<double> myfloats (3.0, 2.18);

The only member function in the previous class template has been defined inline within the class declaration itself. In case that we define a function member outside the declaration of the class template, we must always precede that definition with the template <...> prefix:

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// class templates #include <iostream> using namespace std; template <class T> class mypair {     T a, b;   public:     mypair (T first, T second)       {a=first; b=second;}     T getmax (); }; template <class T> T mypair<T>::getmax () {   T retval;   retval = a>b? a : b;   return retval; } int main () {   mypair <int> myobject (100, 75);   cout << myobject.getmax();   return 0; }

100

Notice the syntax of the definition of member function getmax:

1 2	template <class T> T mypair<T>::getmax ()

Confused by so many T's? There are three T's in this declaration: The first one is the template parameter. The second T refers to the type returned by the function. And the third T (the one between angle brackets) is also a requirement: It specifies that this function's template parameter is also the class template parameter.

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